Peel and dice the onion, carrots, and celery into small, even pieces. Peel the sweet potatoes and cut into 1-inch (2.5 cm) cubes, mince the garlic, strip and chop the kale leaves, and drain and rinse the cannellini beans.
Set the Dutch oven over medium heat and add the olive oil. Once it shimmers, add the onion, carrots, and celery and cook for 5 to 6 minutes until the onion turns translucent. Add the garlic and cook for about 30 seconds, just until fragrant.
Stir in the ground cumin, smoked paprika, and red pepper flakes if using. Cook for 30 to 45 seconds, stirring constantly, until the spices smell toasty and coat the vegetables.
Add the cubed sweet potatoes and stir to coat them in the spiced oil. Pour in the vegetable broth and drop in the bay leaf. Bring to a gentle boil, then reduce to a low simmer, cover partially, and cook for 15 to 18 minutes until the sweet potatoes are fork-tender.
Using a potato masher, press down on the sweet potatoes directly in the pot and mash roughly half of them into the broth, leaving the rest whole for texture. Stir in the drained cannellini beans and let them warm through for 2 to 3 minutes.
Add the chopped kale a handful at a time, stirring after each addition. Simmer for 4 to 5 minutes, just until the leaves are tender and bright green, then pull out and discard the bay leaf.
Turn off the heat and stir in the fresh lemon juice. Season with the salt and black pepper, then taste and adjust. Ladle into bowls and serve hot.